Standard procedure for preparation of test specimens scope this test method describes how to cut and prepare test specimens to perform the concrete durability index tests as originally described by alexander, ballim and mackechnie 1. When the structural element is not subject to durability concerns, specified compressive strength is the preferred performance criteria. The surface abrasion test astm c944 is a standard test method to determine the resistance of conventional concrete or mortar to surface abrasion by using rotatingcutter method. Correlation of the test results and the known behavior of aggregates in use for many years looks very promising. Performance testing covers a broad range of testing, usually a product, part, material, or systems ability to meet its design, engineering, or functional specifications and requirements, including any required environmental conditions in which the product, part, material, or system will be used. Wed like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them. Durability is defined as the capability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties.
Due to the use of inappropriate materials, poor construction practices, insufficient curing, andor improper mix designs, many structures show serious premature deterioration. Pdf durability means the resistance to physical or chemical deterioration of concrete resulting from interaction with environment physical. Various factors affecting the concrete durability are discussed below. This testing helps us to identify the stability of transaction response times over the duration of the test. Standard test method for determining potential resistance to degradation of pervious concrete by impact and abrasion. Acid attack test the concrete cube specimens of various concrete mixtures of size 150 mm were cast and after 28 days of water curing, the specimens were removed from the curing tank and allowed to dry for one day.
Optimize the concrete mix design in the laboratory by characterising the performance with appropriate index values. The durability design of reinforced concrete structures has been recently introduced in national and international regulations. The requirements of this infrastructure will be both demanding, in terms of technical performance and economy, and yet be greatly varied, from architectural masterpieces to the simplest of utilities. Test methods to determine durability of concrete under combined environmental actions and mechanical load. Without durability, the concrete product may deteriorate at a rate much faster than the anticipated life span of 50 to 100 years. This paper presents results of the durability characteristic properties of. Durability durability is the ability to last a long time without significant deterioration. Note that durability and resistance to fluid ingress are inversely related to rcp test results, so the concrete producer must proportion mixtures to obtain a required average rcp result p. It normally refers to the duration or life span of troublefree performance. Durability testing protocols for concrete made with. Products used above or below ground may be exposed to harsh environmental conditions. These tests are more relevant for an application in which concrete is exposed to low or no hydrostatic pressure.
Use of inappropriate materials, poor construction practices, curing and mix designs. Therefore, in order to be applied as a rapid test method for quality control. Durability is an important concept to consider when it comes to specifying requirements for precast concrete products. Concrete durability is characterized by its resistance to weathering action, chemical attack, and other degradation processes. The rapid chloride test for concrete structure consists of obtaining powdered sample by drilling, collecting and crushing. Hence, a connection could be expected between electrical resistivity of concrete and the. Nominal cover to concrete based on exposure condition specific durability issues addressed. Chloride content test for concrete structure durability. Sometimes the steel may corrode if the concrete having poro. Test cylinders are prepared for standard curing in accordance with astm c 31 and tested in accordance with astm c 39.
Cylindrical specimens are tested in accordance with astm c 39, standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. Methods of assessing the durability and service life of concrete. Durability and permeability of concrete 605 unit5 2. Durability testing is a performance testing technique used to determine the characteristics of a system under various load conditions over time. Testing methods for concrete durability springerlink. Compressive strength concrete compressive strength is the most common test conducted for acceptance of concrete. Concrete ingredients, their proportioning, interactions between them, placing and curing practices, and the service environment determine the ultimate durability and life of the concrete. Depth of penetration of water under pressure, and din 1048 part 5, testing concrete.
Compressive strength of concrete increases with increase in fibre dosage up to 0. The paper introduces the principles underpinning the vpv durability test method and highlights its advantages over other durability test methods such as chloride diffusion, permeability testing, rapid chloride permeability etc. Laboratory test results, and damage records for castinplace concrete pavements and structures that have been exposed to atmospheric conditions, should not be related to buried precast concrete pipe unless it is determined that comparable conditions exist. This can only improve the specification of concrete for durability. Introduction to durability and inplace infiltration of. Using more durable materials offers environmental advantages by conserving resources needed for the production of replacement materials and by lessening waste, and economic advantages by reducing costs. Testing concrete mix to predict durability construction.
The addition of scm to concrete reduces the heat of hydration and extends the service life in structures by improving both long term durability and strength. Alizadeh, and mustafa salehi t he socalled rapid chloride permeability rcp test is a widely accepted approach for assessing the durability of. Pdf test methods to determine durability of concrete under. The overall objective of this research is to develop an advanced understanding of the relationship between concrete durability and strength. It is a state of thart report and a part of the study under hr124, development of laboratory durability test for asphalts. Principles of the performancebased approach for concrete durability 97. The goal is to develop specifications for testing and classifying durability of concrete using test data related to aggressiveness of the environments. Improper application of data could lead to overdesign and excessive cost. An experiment on durability test rcpt of concrete according to astm standard method using lowcost equipments article pdf available june 2014 with 5,474 reads how we measure reads. Experimental investigation on the strength and durability. Durability is a determining factor in achieving the design life of concrete structures, and signi. Comparing concrete durability testing methods kryton. The acid attack test on concrete cube was conducted by immersing the cubes in the. Introduction concrete the man made rock is the most widely used construction material.
Durability of concrete the durability of concrete is the resistance against the environment like weathering, chemical attack and corrosion. Statistically analyze the results with the desirability functions and generate the optimal mixtures. Permeability of concrete tests on concrete by rcpt, salt. Transport mechanisms in concrete and durability test methods. Testing chloride penetration resistance of concrete. Three ways to measure the durability of concrete kryton. Astm c 1202 rcp test setup and suggested qualitative indicators in the test method 3% nacl 0. So the best possible percentage fibre found from experiment was 0. Degradation processes in reinforced concrete structures that affect durability are partially controlled by transport of aggressive ions through the concrete microstructure. Durability is the ability of a physical product to remain functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or repair, when faced with the challenges of normal operation over its design lifetime. More than 80,000 crores cum of concrete are poured every year. Some of the commonly used scms are flyash, silica fume and metakaoline.
Durability is the ability of the structure to withstand weathering actions, abrasion, chemical attacks, or any other forms of concrete deterioration. Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, che. How to design of concrete structures for durability. Sep 19, 2014 durability is the key concretes durability is defined by its ability to resist weathering action and chemical attack, while maintaining the desired engineering properties. This test is made possible by an equipment which is known as rapid chloride permeability test equipment, the test equipment consists of two reservoirs.
Standard method of test for resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration salt ponding test the aashto t259 test commonly referred to as the salt ponding test is a long term test for measuring the penetration of chloride into concrete. Breysse, in nondestructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures. In this step, concrete mixtures are batched according to the experimental matrix and tests are conducted as defined in step 1. Benchmarking accelerated performance test methods with longterm testing. However, not all of these tests can be carried out by testing agencies throughout the world.
The aci 318 building code establishes statisticallybased acceptance criteria for. Testing concrete mix to predict durability construction canada. Cdf test test method for the freezethaw resistance of. It is a stateofthart report and a part of the study under hr124, development of laboratory durability test for asphalts. The ability of concrete to withstand the conditions for which it is designed without deterioration for a long period of years is known as durability. Inplace infiltration of pervious concrete charles mitchell, p. The heavily traveled wacker drive replacement in downtown chicago was designed for a 75 to 100year life. Ions are charged and the ability of concrete to hold out against transfer of ions greatly relies on its electrical resistivity. National workshop on achieving durable concrete construction through performance testing. Furthermore, the variation in concrete durability arising from materials, wc, type of element, workmanship, curing, cover, and exposure can be measured in situ, using permeation tests, which give a singleparameter assessment of concrete. Durability index testing procedure manual january 2007 rev. Concrete durability by thomas dyer is a musthave guide for all professionals working in a concreterelated field.
Electrical resistivity of concrete for durability evaluation. Durability of concrete types of durability and factors. Do not specify maximum wcm or minimum cementitious. Electrical resistivity of concrete giatec scientific inc. We can also use 200mm cube, but you have to convert the compressive strength of 200mm cube to the equivalent of 150mm cube to know the actual strength of the concrete. It is required that structures are designed to preserve their characteristics during the service life, avoiding premature failure and the need of extraordinary maintenance and restoration works. In situ water permeability tests are preferable to air permeability tests for assessing the quality of concrete in these regions. Concrete durability an overview sciencedirect topics.
Because 00time cyclic dynamic test costs long time, the research took eps concrete of particles volume ratio of 0% and 30% as an example by applying 50 kn sinusoidal cyclic loading 00 times on eps concrete. Pdf an experiment on durability test rcpt of concrete. Durability durable materials are those that are able to last a long time without significant deterioration or need for repair or replacement. Test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing astm c666procedure a was followed to condition all the test samples up to 1,500ft cycles. Specimens were tested to ascertain properties at 7 and 28 days by performing the following tests. The test methods used should be simple, direct and convenient to apply. In duraint the objective was to evaluate the effect of interacted deterioration parameters on the service life of concrete structures. Concrete durability testing kryton international inc. Quality control in concrete and durability factors. Development of a simple and fast test method for measuring.
Durability of modified expanded polystyrene concrete after. Alizadeh, and mustafa salehi t he socalled rapid chloride permeability rcp test is a widely accepted approach for assessing the durability of concrete. We have discussed in this chapter the following physical and. Different concretes require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure environment and.
Reinforced concrete structures durability wikipedia. A test result is the average of at least two standardcured. On the field chloride content test for concrete includes the use of the chloride ion sensitive electrode. Overall, this is a great book written in a coherent and logical format. Durability of concrete transportation research board. Results showed that the addition of polypropylene triangular fibres improved the durability of concrete. To have a sustainable concrete structure, durability is key. Various tests have been developed around the world for concrete durability quality control testing. Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. Durability is the key concretes durability is defined by its ability to resist weathering action and chemical attack, while maintaining the desired engineering properties. Considerations of sustainability in the mixture proportioning of concrete for strength and durability. Overview and criteria for evaluation of concrete quality 86 4. Define the service environment and performance requirements for the structure. A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily under expected exposure conditions for specified life of the structure.
In most cases, if there is any problem with the durability of a concrete structure, it is the corrosion of the steel reinforcing bars that is most likely to be the major cause. Durable concrete is a result of proper design, proportioning, placement, finishing, testing, inspection, and curing. Pdf durability of concrete structures researchgate. Dynamic modulus and fracture energy for both groups of concrete samples after different. Where durability index results are required for concrete mix. The ability of cement concrete to resist weathering action,chemical attack and any process that can deteriorate its condition is known as durablity of concrete. Concrete performance using lowdegradation aggregates. Deterioration processes and standard test methods, 2010. Field testing results were considered necessary to get relevant information on concrete durability in field conditions. A durability test was required that would be simple to conduct and could be performed in a short time by local testing agencies.
Performancebased specifications and control of concrete. Different concretes require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure environment and properties desired. The paper introduces the principles underpinning the vpv durability test method. For estimating the inplace concrete strength, astm c 31 provides procedures forfieldcuredspecimens.
Test methods for the assessment of durability of concrete. Durability of concrete is determined by its ability to resist weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration, and will retain its original form, quality, and serviceability when exposed to its environment. Pervious concrete from aci 522r10 report on pervious concrete. Test methods like astm 1202, standard test method for electrical indication of concretes ability to resist chloride ion penetration monitor the amount of electrical charge passed through cylindrical specimens for six hours. The paper, 202 observations on concrete that is tooquicklystrong, cites cases where concrete cracked because it was too strong from too much cement and 66 investigations that related durability problems to cement hydrating too rapidly because of. The surface abrasion test has been successfully used in the quality control of highway and bridge concrete subject to traffic 11. Durability of reinforced concrete structures,theory vs. The test results are compared within the framework provided by the desirability functions. Results of the durability tests are correlated with behavior based on test results from control and record sampling during the last two years. Durability of reinforced concrete structures,theory vs practice. Acceptance criteria for durability tests, aci concrete.
The compressive strength test specimens were cured and tested for 3days, 7days, 28days, and 60days in compressive testing machine. Durability of concrete durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist. Abrasive action, freezing and thawing, exposure to sulphate attack, asr, presence of chlorides and sulphates, concreting in seawater and aggressive soils inspection and testing. Acceptance criteria for durability tests minimizing the risks of accepting defective concrete.
The rapid chloride permeability rcp test is an electrical test used to estimate the durability of concrete. The following parameters are measured while testing for durability. Durability and sustainability of concrete structures. Durability and permeability of concrete linkedin slideshare. Concrete durability and repair technology concrete will be the key material for mankind to create the built environment of the next millennium. Durability and durability tests for paving asphalt. Is it appropriate for concrete durability quality control testing. Introduction to methodology guidelines for concrete. Electrical resistivity of concrete concepts, applications, and measurement techniques by hamed layssi, pouria ghods, aali r. This article is based on the authors acceptance criteria for durability tests, published in the winter 2007 edition of concrete infocus, national ready mixed concrete association, pp. Durability in the precast product precast concrete.